VERMICOMPOSTING OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTES INTO ORGANIC MANURE: A REVIEW
Keywords:
Earthworm, Nutrients, Organic waste, VermicompostAbstract
The massive amount of solid waste generated across the world is a severe environmental concern as a result of rapid industrialisation, population expansion, and urbanisation. Investment costs for solid waste treatment processes such as incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification are significant and at the same time none of these technologies is environmentally safe. Vermicomposting is economic and eco-friendly method of solid waste management. The purpose of this review is to offer a broad overview of the efficacy of vermicomposting technologies as an ecologically sound method for management of solid waste and its beneficial role as organic fertilizer.Vermicompost is a organic fertiliser rich in humus, NPK, micronutrients, and beneficial soil microorganisms, including bacteria that fixes nitrogen and phosphate, actinomycetes, and hormones that stimulate plant development, including auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins.Therefore, the purpose of this review's discussion is to demonstrate how vermicomposting, a revolutionary method of handling solid organic waste in an eco-friendly manner.
References
Abadi, Z. A., Sepanlou, M. G., and Alashti, S. R. 2012. Effect of vermicompost on physical and chemical properties of soil. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 15(58 (B)): 125-137.
Aira, M., Monroy, F., and Domínguez, J. 2007. Earthworms strongly modify microbial biomass and activity triggering enzymatic activities during
vermicomposting independently of the application rates of pig slurry. Science of the total Environment, 385(1-3): 252-261.
Ali, U., Sajid, N., Khalid, A., Riaz, L., Rabbani, M. M., Syed, J. H., and Malik, R. N. 2015. A review on vermicomposting of organic wastes. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 34(4): 1050-1062.
Alshehrei, F., and Ameen, F. 2021. Vermicomposting: A management tool to mitigate solid waste. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(6): 284-3293.
Amouei, A. I., Yousefi, Z., and Khosravi, T. 2017. Comparison of vermicompost characteristics produced from sewage sludge of wood and paper industry and household solid wastes. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 15(1): 1-6.
Angmo, D., Dutta, R., Kumar, S. I., and Sharma, A. 2020. Natural biological treatment of effluent and sludges to combat the burden of waste.
In Earthworm assisted remediation of effluents and wastes (pp. 107-122). Springer, Singapore.
Ansari, A. A., and Jaikishun, S. 2011. Vermicomposting of sugarcane bagasse and rice straw and its impact on the cultivation of Phaseolus ulgaris L. in Guyana, South America. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(2): 225-234.
Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., Babenko, A., Cannon, J., Galvis, P., and Metzger, J. D. 2008. Influences of vermicomposts, produced by earthworms and microorganisms from cattle manure, food waste and paper waste, on the germination, growth and flowering of petunias in the greenhouse. Applied soil ecology, 39(1): 91-99.
Arora, S., Saraswat, S., Mishra, R., Rajvanshi, J., Sethi, J., Verma, A., ... and Saxena, S. 2020. Design, performance evaluation and investigation of the
dynamic mechanisms of earthwormmicroorganisms interactions for wastewater treatment through vermifiltration technology. Bioresource
Technology Reports, 12, 100603.
Atiyeh, R. M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C. A., and Metzger, J. D. 2000. Influence ofearthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology, 75(3): 175-180.
Balachandar, R., Baskaran, L., Yuvaraj, A., Thangaraj, R., Subbaiya, R., Ravindran, B., and Karmegam, N. 2020. Enriched pressmud vermicompost production with green manureplants using Eudriluseugeniae. Bioresource technology, 299, 122578.
Bellitürk, K., Çelik, A., and Baran, M. F. 2022. The effect of vermicompost application on soil properties in olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Memecik)
plant. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(1): 107-113.
Bhat, S. A., Singh, J., andVig, A. P. 2015. Vermistabilization of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) waste produced from sugar factory using earthworm Eisenia fetida: Genotoxic assessment by Allium cepa test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(15): 11236-11254.
Bhat, S. A., Singh, J., and Vig, A. P. 2017. Instrumental characterization of organic wastes for evaluation of vermicompost maturity. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 8(1): 1-12.
Bhat, S. A., Singh, S., Singh, J., Kumar, S., and Vig, A. P. 2018. Bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms: ermicompost as powerful crop nutrient in sustainable agriculture. Bioresource technology, 252: 172-179.
Boruah, T., Barman, A., Kalita, P., Lahkar, J., and Deka, H. 2019. Vermicomposting ofcitronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture employing Eisenia fetida. Bioresourcetechnology, 294, 122147.
Briones, M. J. I., Garnett, M. H., and Piearce, T. G. 2005. Earthworm ecological groupings based on 14C analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37(11), 2145-2149.
Campitelli, P., and Ceppi, S. 2008. Chemical, physical and biological compost and vermicompost characterization: A chemometric study. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 90(1): 64-71.
Chaoui, H. I., Zibilske, L. M., and Ohno, T. 2003. Effects of earthworm casts and compost on soil microbial activity and plant nutrient availability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35(2): 295-302.
Chaudhary, D. R., Bhandari, S. C., and Shukla, L. M. 2004. Role of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture-a review. Agricultural reviews-agricultural research communications centre india, 25(1): 29-39.
Cogut, A. 2016. Open burning of waste: a global health disaster. R20 Regions of climate action, 20.
Domínguez, J., Aira, M., and GómezBrandón, M. 2010. Vermicomposting: earthworms enhance the work of microbes. In Microbes at work (pp. 93-114). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Edwards, C. A., and Bohlen, P. J. 1996. Biology and ecology of earthworms (Vol. 3). Springer Science and Business Media.
Edwards, C. A., Dominguez, J., and Aranconl, N. Q. 2004. 18. The influence of vermicomposts on plant growth and pest incidence.
Garg, V. K., Suthar, S., and Yadav, A. 2012. Management of food industry waste employingvermicomposting technology. Bioresource technology, 126: 437-443.
Gutiérrez-Miceli, F. A., García-Gómez, R. C., Rosales, R. R., Abud-Archila, M., Angela, O. L. M., Cruz, M. J. G., and Dendooven, L. 2008. Formulation of a liquid fertilizer for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) using vermicompost leachate. Bioresource technology, 99(14): 6174-6180.
Jaybhaye, M. M., and Bhalerao, S. A. 2016. International Journal of Current Research andAcademic Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Aca. Rev, 4(4): 61-67.
Joo, S. H., Monaco, F. D., Antmann, E., andChorath, P. 2015. Sustainable approaches forminimizing biosolids production and maximizing reuse options in sludge management: Areview. Journal of environmental management, 158: 133-145.
Gopal, M., Bhute, S. S., Gupta, A., Prabhu, S. R., Thomas, G. V., Whitman, W. B., and Jangid, K. 2017. Changes in structure and function of bacterial communities during coconut leaf vermicomposting. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 110(10): 1339-1355.
Karmegam, N., Vijayan, P., Prakash, M., and Paul, J. A. J. 2019. Vermicomposting of paper industry sludge with cowdung and green manure plants using Eisenia fetida: A viable optionfor cleaner and enriched vermicompost production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228: 718-728.
Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. 2018. What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank
Publications.
Khwairakpam, M., and Bhargava, R. 2009. Vermitechnology for sewage sludge recycling. Journal of hazardous materials, 161(2-3): 948-954.
Lazcano, C., and Domínguez, J. 2011. The use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture: impact on plant growth and soil fertility. Soil nutrients, 10(1-23), 187.
Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., and Wu, T. Y. 2016. Sustainability of using composting andvermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: recent overview,greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111:262-278.
Lim, S. L., Wu, T. Y., Sim, E. Y. S., Lim, P. N., and Clarke, C. 2012. Biotransformation of rice husk into organic fertilizer through vermicomposting.
EcologicalEngineering,41:60-64.
Lores, M., Gómez-Brandón, M., Pérez-Díaz, D., and Domínguez, J. 2006. Using FAME profiles for the characterization of animal wastes and vermicomposts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(9): 2993-2996.
Marinari, S., Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B., and Grego, S. 2000. Influence of organic and mineral fertilisers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresource technology, 72(1): 9-17.
Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B., and Garcia, C. 1997. Changes in soil biochemical and cracking properties induced by" living mulch" systems. Canadian journal of soil science, 77(4): 579-58
Mohan, S. M. 2017. Vermicomposting of paper mill sludge with Eisenia fetida for its conversion to nutrient using different seed materials. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 98(4): 545-553.
Mohan, S., and Joseph, C. P. 2021. Potential Hazards due to Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumping in India. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 101(4): 523-536.
Molina, M. J., Soriano, M. D., Ingelmo, F., and Llinares, J. 2013. Stabilisation of sewage sludge and vinasse bio-wastes by vermicomposting with rabbit manure using Eisenia fetida. Bioresource technology, 137: 88-97.
Mousavi, S. A., Sader, S. R., Farhadi, F., Faraji, M., and Falahi, F. 2020. Vermicompostingof grass and newspaper waste mixed with cow dung using Eisenia fetida: physicochemicalchanges. Global NEST J, 22(1): 8-14.
Nagar, R., Titov, A., andBhati, P. 2017. Vermicomposting of Leaf litters: Way to convertwaste in to Best. INT J CURR SCI, 20(4): 17-25.
Noble, R., and Coventry, E. 2005. Suppression of soil-borne plant diseases with composts: a review. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 15(1), 3-20.
Pillai, S., Peter, A. E., Sunil, B. M., and Shrihari, S. 2014. Soil pollution near a municipal solid waste disposal site in India. In International conference on biological, civil and environmental engineering (BCEE-2014) march (Vol. 1718).
Quadar, J., Chowdhary, A. B., Dutta, R., Angmo, D., Rashid, F., Singh, S., ... andVig, A. P.2022. Characterization of vermicompost of coconut husk mixed with cattle dung: physicochemical properties, SEM, and FT-IR analysis. Environmental Science and PollutionResearch, 1-12.
Quadar,J.,Chowdhary,A.B.,Khan,M.A.,Singh, S.,Kumar,R.,andSingh,J.2022.Role of Earthworms in Agro-Industrial Waste Management and Sustainable Agriculture. LifeSciences Research and Development, 83.
Rajput, R., Prasad, G., and Chopra, A. K. 2009. Scenario of solid waste management in present Indian context.
Ramnarain, Y. I., Ansari, A. A., and Ori, L. 2019. Vermicomposting of different organicmaterials using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. International Journal of Recycling ofOrganic Waste in Agriculture, 8(1): 23-36.
Sharma, K., and Garg, V. K. 2018. Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality producedfrom rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm
Eisenia fetida (Sav.). Bioresourcetechnology, 250: 708-715.
Sharma, S., Kumar, A., Singh, A. P., and Vasudevan, P. 2009. Earthworms and vermitechnology–A review. Dynamic soil, Dynamic plant, 3(2), 1.
Sharma, S., Pradhan, K., Satya, S., and Vasudevan, P. 2005. Potentiality of earthworms for waste management and in other uses–A review. The Journal of American Science, 1(1): 4-16.
Siddiqua, A., Hahladakis, J. N., and AlAttiya, W. A. K. 2022. An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-23.
Silva, J. C., Siqueira, A. J. N., Maia, H. B., and Nunes, R. R. 2021. Vermicomposting cornwaste under cultural and climatic conditions of the Brazilian Backwoods. BioresourceTechnology Reports, 15, 100730.
Singh, J., Kaur, A., and Vig, A. P. 2014. Bioremediation of distillery sludge into soil-enriching material through vermicomposting with the help of Eisenia fetida. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 174(4): 1403-1419.
Singh, J., Kaur, A., Vig, A. P., and Rup, P. J. 2010. Role of Eisenia fetida in rapid recycling of nutrients from bio sludge of beverage industry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(3): 430-435.
Singh, J., Kaur, A., Vig, A. P., and Rup, P. J. 2010. Role of Eisenia fetida in rapid recycling of nutrients from bio sludge of beverage industry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Singh, R. P., Embrandiri, A., Ibrahim, M. H., and Esa, N. 2011. Management of biomassresidues generated from palm oil mill: Vermicomposting a sustainable option. Resources,Conservation and Recycling, 55(4): 423-434.
Singh, R., Sharma, R. R., Kumar, S., Gupta, R. K., and Patil, R. T. 2008. Vermicompost substitution influences growth, physiological disorders, fruit
yield and quality of strawberry (Fragariax ananassa Duch.). Bioresource Technology, 99(17), 8507-8511.
Singh, S. I., Singh, W. R., Bhat, S. A., Sohal, B., Khanna, N., Vig, A. P., ... and Jones, S.2022. Vermiremediation of allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge amended with cattledung employing Eisenia fetida. Environmental Research, 214, 113766.
Singh, S., Bhat, S. A., Singh, J., Kaur, R., andVig, A. P. 2016. Vermistabilization of thermalpower plant fly ash using Eisenia fetida. J ndustPollutCont, 32: 554-561.
Singh, S., Bhat, S. A., Singh, J., Kaur, R., and Vig, A. P. 2017. Earthworms converting milk processing industry sludge into biomanure. The Open Waste Management Journal, 10(1).
Singh, S., Singh, J., and Vig, A. P. 2016. Earthworm as ecological engineers to change the physico-chemical properties of soil: soil vs vermicast. Ecological Engineering, 90: 1-5.
Sohal, B., Singh, S., Singh, S. I. K., Bhat, S. A., Kaur, J., Singh, J., and Vig, A. P. 2021. Vermicomposting of thermal fly ash using Eisenia fetida. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(35): 48154-48170.
Sonowal, P., Khwairakpam, M., and Kalamdhad, A. S. (2014). Vermicomposting of solid pulp and paper mill sludge (SPPMS) using Eudrilus
Eugeniae Earthworm. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 5(3), 502.
Suthar, S. (2008). Bioremediation of aerobically treated distillery sludge mixed with cowdung by using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. The
Environmentalist, 28(2): 76-84.
Suthar, S. (2010). Recycling of agroindustrial sludge through vermitechnology. EcologicalEngineering, 36(8): 1028-1036.
Suthar, S., Mutiyar, P. K., and Singh, S. (2012). Vermicomposting of milk processing industrysludge spiked with plant wastes. Bioresource technology, 116:214-219.
Termorshuizen, A. J., Van Rijn, E., Van Der Gaag, D. J., Alabouvette, C., Chen, Y., Lagerlöf, J., ... andZmora-Nahum, S. (2006). Suppressiveness of 18 composts against 7 pathosystems: variability in pathogen response. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(8): 2461-2477.
Trillas, M. I., Casanova, E., Cotxarrera, L., Ordovás, J., Borrero, C., andAvilés, M. (2006). Composts from agricultural waste and the Trichoderma asperellum strain T34 suppress Rhizoctonia solani in cucumber seedlings. Biological control, 39(1), 32-38.
Trivedi, P., Singh, K., Pankaj, U., Verma, S. K., Verma, R. K., and Patra, D. D. (2017). Effect of organic amendments and microbial application on sodic soil properties and growth of an aromatic crop. Ecological engineering, 102: 127-136.
Turan, N. G., Çoruh, S., Akdemir, A., and Ergun, O. N. 2009. Municipal solid waste management strategies in Turkey. Waste Management, 29(1): 465-469.
Vig, A. P., Singh, J., Wani, S. H., and Dhaliwal, S. S. 2011. Vermicomposting of tannerysludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny). Bioresource technology, 102(17): 7941-7945.
Wang, D., Shi, Q., Wang, X., Wei, M., Hu, J., Liu, J., and Yang, F. 2010. Influence of cow manure vermicompost on the growth, metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis). Biology and fertility of soils, 46(7): 689-696.
Yadav,A.,andGarg,V.K.2011.RecyclingoforganicwastesbyemployingEiseniafetida. Bioresource technology, 102(3): 2874-2880.
Zhi-Wei, S., Tao, S., Wen-Jing, D., and Jing, W. 2019. Investigation of rice straw and kitchen waste degradation through vermicomposting. Journal of environmental management, 243: 269-272.